Juvenile Delinquency, “The Problem That Has No Name”, and Advent of Daddy:
American family life in the 1950s and its portrayal in science-fiction movies
Science-fiction movies have long shone the light on the darker side of humanity. They are the windows through which we look and see our fears, our concerns, our views on the abnormal. They allowed us to illuminate the problems that we saw around ourselves. Through them, we could express our concerns about what was going on around us from the hazy veil of alien attacks, renegade robots, and frightening futures full of famine and frustration. The veil allows us to look right at the thing that is troubling us without having to admit to those seated around us in the darkened theater that we are looking. Science fiction movies are a commentary, a critique of the weaknesses of our society. During the 1950s, one of the most common elements of American science fiction movies was the American family. But in those movies, there is an “All-American sense of normalcy,” in which “the hero usually gets the girl, the villain is thwarted the menace halted in its tracks.[1]” However, the family is one of the major things that needed critiquing. Americans knew the family was in trouble but were at a loss on how to fix. Mothers worked at home to keep everyday life running smoothly but they were living with a problem inside themselves that they did not know how to express and thus have no chance of fixing. Teens, who were children during World War II or were born immediately following it, were venturing out of the house and into a new and troubling arena, that of juvenile delinquency. Society was having a hard time dealing with this new trend, because they didn’t know how to deal with it; was jail the solution, could it be solved with some new social program, or a new way of educating the children? These were the question batted around by society, both by the families of the troubled teens and by professionals. Fathers faced change in the home as well. Young men who went to war and came back changed were expected to change again, to become daddies. Never before had men been expected to be warm, caring parental figures; that was always the mother’s role. Now they were expected to get down on the floor after work, help Junior set up his train set, play with him, fix his daughter’s broken dolly and solve all the problems in their world. Science fiction films were increasingly popular. How did they represent the changing family?
From Father to Daddy
Following World War II, there was a new addition to the American family…the dad. Previously, the father was the breadwinner and provider. When men returned from the war, they confronted a new school of thought on how family life should work. In order to prevent the development of sissies, which was a major concern because sissies “were allegedly likely to become homosexuals, ‘perverts,’ and dupes of the communists,” fathers were encouraged not just to provide for their children's material and physical needs, but to be there for them on an emotional level. Men were told that the problem “was weak men overshadowed by strong women.” There were a plethora of books and articles written to teach fathers the new art of being a dad. Every psychologist had an opinion on how to be the best dad, what events dads should make sure to attend and what aspects of family life were the most important for him to be a part of. There were articles like “Are You a Dud as a Dad?” and “A Build-Up for Dad,” for fathers to read to help them be more successful and even a fourteen-volume set called Childcraft with four volumes on child development and how best to influence it. There were articles in women's magazines as well to educate women on how to get their men more involved in their children's lives. Women were encouraged to “point out specific things he can do which you cannot.” The idea was pitched to men that being a dad was “the most important occupation in the world.”[2] There were even suggestions that there should have been college classes teaching young men how to be proper fathers[3].
The job of dad was meant to start at birth and “it is important for the father to have a good start with his child from the time the baby first come home from the hospital.[4]”. Women were encouraged to encourage their husbands to get involved in diaper changes[5] and feedings so they could establish a lifetime bond with their children.
They were told to “share your small son’s hobbies, laugh at his jokes, lend a listening ear to his problems[6].” One of the most important things a dad could do to help his children was, at the end of the day, come home willing to assist them with the things moms just could not do. "Daddy will fix it[7]" became a common refrain from the mouths of children, no matter what it was, he knew how to make it right. This was problematic if dad didn't know how to fix it, but dad and the children could learn how to fix it together[8]. Fathers were encouraged to get down on the floor and play with his son and the new electric train set he got on Christmas morning. This was seen as a way for them to bond. Dr. Lois Barclay Murphy, in a series of bi-weekly addresses to mothers at the Hotel Barbizon-Plaza, said that dads should read comics and listen to radio with them to help with bonding and it could help them have a well-rounded childhood[9]. It was also important for the child's development for dads to tell the children of the escapades and misadventures of their youths. The idea was that if the child saw how dad was a little rough around the edges in his younger days but grew up to be the daddy they loved, the children would realize that their own misbehaviors were not so bad and there was hope for them after all[10].
Father’s Day wouldn't become a permanent holiday until 1972[11], but it was during this time that its observation became mainstream, as it was seen as a way to recognize all the things dad did for the family; it became important to get dad something as nice for Father's Day as was given to Mom for Mother's Day. Dads liked Father’s Day because it was a day of relaxation for them with “everybody in the family agree[ing] with them.[12]” Articles were written in newspapers to help children figure out what dad would like. Get him something to brighten up his city life, or something with which he can work in the garden. Live plants in a modern fiberglass box were a suggestion if he was stuck in an office all day, or a handy reference book if he was a novice at gardening[13]. Gift vouchers were also a coveted gift among men. It was important for wives and children to put serious thought into the gift because many men felt they “spent too much money and too little thought on gifts.[14]”
There was such a new-found importance placed of having a dad that in Fort Wayne, Indiana, a group of young single men started volunteering in a nursery facility so that the children there, who did not have the benefit of a male role model in their lives, could know what it was like to have a daddy, even if it was just for an hour or two at a time[15].
The role of dad was new following World War II and many men did not know how to deal with it. Father had always been expected to protect the family and provide for it economically, but now he found himself in a new role. He was expected to be knowledgeable about all the little things children ask about each day, patient with them, sensitive to their needs, imaginative, loving, show them a good social example and have good manners[16]. A dad was an example that his children could strive to be like. This new role was meant to be enjoyable[17], in that dads were now given the chance to spend time with their children instead of just being that guy who worked all day then spent his nights down at the local bar but many dads found their newfound roles and responsibilities daunting. When a young father was shown a list to the qualities society now sought in its dads, he replied “What am I supposed to be-the Columbia faculty?[18]” This new role was seen by society as something to be cherished, a way to bond with the wife and children, but many young men found the new demands to be intimidating.
It was not daunting enough to make men not want to take on the new role, it was simply that they frequently did not understand how to fill the role they had been cast in. This is evident in the number of books and articles written to help teach him how to be a daddy and the classes on fatherhood taught by groups like the Visiting Nurse Service to help young men get ready for the arrival of the baby[19].
However, this anxiety for fathers is rarely depicted in the science fiction movies of the 1950’s. Fathers are shown as being confident and calm, stressed by work but never ill at ease at home. The father in Invisible Invaders, while a little old and with a grown daughter, is the perfect example of the perfect dad. Adam Penner is a father first and a scientist second. He is shown as a father figure to John, keeping him calm while they are all locked in the bunker. He also makes sure that they get plenty of rest while under lockdown. He is concerned for the future of the world, that nuclear war will destroy everyone, as would a father fear for the safety of his own child. Penner is willing to put himself in danger to save Major Jay and is seen as the one with all the answers, since all the critical discoveries come from him. Dr. Penner is depicted as the ideal father, not just for Phyllis, his daughter, but for the world[20].
The only father shown in the science fiction movies as struggling to fill his role of daddy is Joe in The Next Voice You Hear. Joe is frightened by the voice and all the responsibility he is facing so he gets falling down drunk. His son witnesses him in that state and the next day after church, runs away. Joe searches the neighborhood and all of his usual hangouts but cannot find the boy. Finally, in desperation, he checks with his boss, who tell him Johnny has been there all afternoon. They have a candid talk about Johnny's disappointment in his father’s action. Joe explains why he got so drunk and in a move no father would have made ten years earlier Joe says "Johnny, I'm asking you to forgive me, son.[21]". The suggestion that dad could make a mistake is not considered in any of the other movies, implying that even in the movies fathers did not readily admit they made a mistake.
The father in Robot Monster is young Johnny’s idealized version of what a father should be as his father is dead[22]. The father is determined to protect his family from the ape-like Ro-Man Extension XJ-2, that is under orders to kill the remaining eight people on Earth. Johnny’s father wants to protect the family and find a way to escape from Ro-Man. When all seems hopeless, he is willing to kill the whole family to keep them from a violent and painful death at the hands of the Ro-Man. He may not be the man we would want as a dad, but he is sensitive to the needs of his family and willing to do everything in his power to protect them. Johnny is shown as having a nurturing family, in the form of his mother and sister, but subconsciously he is looking for someone to protect him. Thus, while he is unconscious, he creates a father to protect himself and his family. This view of fathers as protector is a very common depiction in science fiction movies.
Invaders From Mars[23] is one of the few science fiction movies to address the shift in expectations for fathers. In Invaders From Mars, David’s father is the ideal father. George shares his son’s hobby, stargazing, even at 4 in the morning. He listens to his sons fears, going out in the dark to see if a space ship really did crash into a sand pit behind the family home. When his father returns from checking on the space ship, he is a changed man, stern, controlling, quick timbered, and violent toward David and his mother, Mary. David is so disturbed by this sudden change in his dad’s behavior that he runs all over town trying to find someone who will listen to him that the aliens have changed his father, from the new idea of dad, into the pre-World War II version of father. He convinces the Army to mobilize a large troop contingent to find out what the aliens have done to his father and mother. He is able to save his parents and they are returned to their normal, caring, warm, loving selves.[24] When the desk sergeant witnesses David with his parents he says “That’s the coldest pair I ever saw.” expressing the cultural expectation of the 1950’s that parents should be warm and caring toward their children.
“Occupation: Housewife[25]”
Mothers and Science Fiction Movies
After World War II, married women left the workplace. They were expected to give up their jobs for returning veterans[26]. By the 1950s, the role of homemaker was common for middle-class mothers. Many women went to college to get their Mrs. not their BA or BS. Of the seventy-two women graduating from Sarah Lawrence in 1957, thirty-five percent were either married or soon to be married, much to the dismay of Sarah Lawrence President Dr. Harold Taylor[27]. Even Eleanor Roosevelt informed the young women of the class “that they were fortunate to have been ‘born in a moment of history when the horizons of the world are broadening every day’.[28]” However, the message in graduation speeches was not universal and did not translate into women's everyday reality. The Dean of Barnard College, Millicent C. McIntosh, called “education of young women for motherhood…’the most important task of our society and should not be left to chance.’[29]” For women in the 1950’s it was fine to work while her husband finished school and until the children came, but then it was time for raising the next generation of American citizens. The ideal American woman did not want a career, a life outside the home. Even children weighed in on the idea of moms in the home, as one seven year old put it, “a good mother ought to be home when you get from school. As long as there’s a roof over your head, enough to eat, good beds, your mother shouldn’t work…[30]” In the science fiction movies, she is shown as not wanting “the independence and the opportunities that the old-fashioned feminists fought for.[31]” Women stayed home and cared for the children because they were the first educators of the new generation and it had long been the primary job of the urban middle-class mother to instill pure American virtues in the children. “Motherhood [was] woman’s ‘chief role and most glorious career.[32]” Women were expected to provide the children with a firm moral stance to build upon. For many women, especially those who had had the opportunity to go to college, the position they were expected to fill left them in a prison. They were restless with the routine, alone in a big house while the children were at school and husband was at work. The housework could easily be finished within an hour of the last family member leaving, leaving the majority of the day to be frittered away[33]. This prison like environment lead to a great, but mysterious, feeling of unhappiness[34]. Women turned to a wide variety of things to occupy themselves. Some women threw themselves into socially acceptable civic works, such as joining the PTA, March of Dimes, Boy Scouts or Girl Scouts, some played bridge with the other homemakers in the same boat, others started drinking at 11 o'clock in the morning just to pass the time. If she was involved in civic organizations, it was as something simple, such as fundraiser, or troop leader, never anything that could put her in a position of authority or power. For many of them, however, “children, cooking, clothing, bridge, and charities were not enough.” Without fail, no matter how they filled their days, they were exhausted by the boredom. They still found themselves miserable, unstimulated and they did not know how to deal with it[35].
Some sought help from a doctor or psychiatrist but were unable to find relief. Women were experiencing physical symptoms, such as a cracking to the skin on the hands that would not respond to medical treatment as well as psychologic systems such as a need for ten or more hours of sleep a night, even though they had nothing to take their energies during the day. This “housewife’s fatigue” became common but nothing doctors prescribed helped because there was nothing physically wrong with the women. Doctors “gave them pills, vitamins, or injections for anemia, low blood pressure, low metabolism” but saw no results. They even tried putting them on tranquilizers or taking away their alcohol but “all such treatments were futile…because these mothers were truly tired.”[36]
As we see in The Next Voice You Hear…[37], moms were expected to stay home, and take care of the house. She must see the children off to school, cook all the meals, and cleans house while her husband is at work. Mary, in The Next Voice You Hear, is a stay-at-home mom to Johnny and is pregnant with her second child. Her life revolved around ensuring her husband left for work on time, ensuring that he and Johnny have their hamburger sandwiches for lunch, and that dinner is ready when he gets off work. Her family is shown as being lower middle class but making advances with their economic situation. Even though she's almost 9 months pregnant, she and her husband, Joe, don’t regularly keep in contact during the day, it is assumed she will be fine. She does not let the pregnancy slow her down, doesn't take time to sleep late, or sit around in an easy chair with her feet up, she is dieting even though she is pregnant. Even though she will be home all alone during the day, she is dressed and made up as if someone could drop by at any minute. It is more important to look pretty than to take proper care of herself. She does have an elderly aunt who she can socialize with. Looking at Mary, we see a woman who spends most of her time helping her son and husband and keeping house in order. When her husband is done at the end of the day and free to go out with friends or listen to the radio, she must help their son with his homework, so that he can have a better life. even though in the real world she would be under enormous stress in the real world, Mary, in her movie world, is happy and content, completely satisfied with her lot in life.
As American families become upwardly mobile, we see a new trend, the working mom. Mothers rejoin the workforce in the 1950s to provide more material goods for the family. Women work so the family could have a comfortable middle-class life. If a woman was to have a job outside the home it helps the family, as Dr. Adrienne Koch, professor, author, and mom of twins put it, “I could not have a career without the approval of Mr. Kegan [her husband].[38]” This trend is largely ignored by the movies. In the movies if a woman works outside the home, it is because her husband has died and she must now provide for the family. The closest example of this situation is found in The Day the Earth Stood Still [39] and Red Planet Mars[40]. In the Day the Earth Stood Still, Helen and Bobby are alone because Helen's husband died in World War II. She works outside the home to provide for Bobby. The example of the working mother is in the movie Red Planet Mars. Linda works with her husband in the lab attached to their home. It is her responsibility to assist him but never do any actual science related work. Linda is shown as inquisitive, and smart, but not so smart as to overshadow her husband. She is content with this work and shown to be the moral center of the family.
Women, in science fiction movies, are shown as being more than happy with their role as homemakers. She is happy to put the needs of her husband above herself, but above all are the needs and wellbeing of the children. In Red Planet Mars, when the populace starts to turn against them, Linda stands by, doesn’t say “I told you so” as the world is falling apart. Instead she makes sure that their youngest son gets to go trick-or-treating. Even though she is the only one with concerns that communication with Mars might cause more inflict more damage on society instead of make the world a better place, all he has to do to allay her fears is to stop for a second, speak kindly to her, as one would a frightened child and she is soothed. Women were not expected to have their own opinion because “thinking…is hard work[41]” They were to defer to their husbands, stay out of complicated issues like politics and the moral direction the country was taking.
In addition to women struggling with discontent in their own lives, they were worried about the lives of their children. The closest example of this is when in Red Planet Mars, Linda is worried about that the consequences of their actions in the lab.
As part of her role of mother, she must be sure the family is on the right path. Through her work with Chris, her husband, she shows that she is fearful for the children and the whole world because the benefits they anticipate reaping could easily turn as tragic as Nobel and the invention of Dynamite. She worries, when she and Chris are alone is his lab, where no one else can hear her concerns, what good can come from trying to contact Mars.
Linda: “The whole world’s scared, why shouldn’t I be? Every woman in the world, we all live in fear. It’s becoming our natural state. Fear our sons will have to fight another war or fear they’ll face worse. We’ve lived on the edge of a volcano all our lives. One day it has to boil over.”
Chris: “Me talking to Mars won’t affect Vesuvius, Lin.”
Linda: “Science has made the volcano were sitting on. Nobel invented dynamite to ease man’s life. It eased a good many men into annihilation. Einstein split the atom to create energy, is terror energy?”
Chris: “Well that’s rubbish Lin! Scientifically we’ve advanced further in the past 60 years than we have in the previous 2000. Radio, television, automobile, aeroplane, atomic fission, jet propulsion and now well you, you saw those pictures tonight, heard what Mitchell said. If we can once talk to Mars, we may be talking to brains as far ahead of ours as ours are to monkeys. In one moment we may be able to leap ahead another 2000 years.”
Linda: “And you’ll have done it! You will be the one to advance science and maybe us right into oblivion!”
Chris: “Linda…”
Linda: I’m sorry Chris, but when I saw those pictures [of massive structures on Mars undergoing rapid changes, which seem to indicate the presence of very advanced life on Mars] tonight it all seemed too imminent.”
Chris: “Of sure, its imminent! It’s what we worked for isn't it?[42]”
Just like that her crisis of conscience is abated. She’s easily frightened but can just as easily be calmed down. “Who am I to stand in the way of science?” In the lab she is his assistant, never working the machine, just there to turn off the lights and bringing him things but when their work makes the paper, she poses for the picture on the cover right along with him
The only time she really stands up to her husband is when, with the world in disarray, her husband is verbally abusive to Stewart. She tells him, very calmly and after making sure the children are out of earshot, that he "doesn't have to take it out on the kids.[43]" Linda never acts as if her children are a bother, even when, after a long day, her youngest son, Roger, splashes water all over while his brother is helping him get washed up. When Stewart yells for her help, she smiles a pleasant little smile, like someone just told her something funny instead of that a mess is currently being made.
However, we now know that middle class women in the 1950's were not happy surrounded by small children, isolated from any real job or fulfillment. Betty Friedan would call this in her path-breaking The Feminine Mystique “the problem that has no name, a vague undefined wish for "something more" than washing dishes, ironing, punishing and praising the children.” The world thought that women like Linda could not understand such complex ideas as the atomic “bombs power to destroy the human race” or the consequences of talking to Mars. Explaining such complex ideas to them was pointless because they were too simple to understand it. The issues “[had] to be translated in terms they [could] understand as women.” Some even advocated that "all women must be educated to be housewives.”[44].
Some women were so miserable with “the problem that has no name" that some wished ill on their families. For some it was just a thought that they discussed with a psychiatrist, but others acted on these feeling. There was a dramatic rise in child abuse, which was being seen in suburban area instead of just in poor, urban tenements. Women were inflicting injuries on their children, usually under the age of three, because they could not take the rage they felt at their dependence out on the source of their dependence, their husbands. Women were beating their children with buckled belts, and hammers, and burning them with irons and cigarettes, some suffered broken bones, skull fractures or even death.[45]
Science fiction movies ignored this unhappiness in women, focusing on them as productive members of society who sought only to make their children better future citizens and as the conscience, and center of moral thought for the nation. Women are never seen as too tired, or sick with some mysterious illness, to help her children. She was up before dawn, last to bed, just so her husband and children were properly prepared to face the day.
Juvenile Delinquency: The Social Problem Even Science Fiction Movies Won’t Touch
During the 1950’s, America faced an epidemic of juvenile delinquency, however the movies fail to address this important issue of family life. Children had gained independence during World War II while their fathers were away at war and mothers were working outside the home. When the war was over and life returns to normal, the youths were unwilling to give up the autonomy they were used to having. By the 1950's, there was a crime wave sweeping the nation at the hands of these unsupervised minors. The majority of their crimes were petty, underage drinking, larceny and truancy[46] but they were none the less troubling to the adult members of society. There was a more violent element to juvenile delinquency, generally seen as spreading from the inner city into the suburbs. This violent escalation was exceptionally troubling for two major reasons. The first was the movement out of the inner city and into the suburbs where it began touching middle class families and the second was the advancement of weapons chosen by the youths.
During the 1950’s there was a shift in the weaponry of the juvenile delinquent. Where previously they had used knives, tire irons, and broken bottles, during the 1950’s, they escalated to guns, acid, and bombs. There was a case of a student calling in a bomb threat so he could get out of English class. This marked a major shift in behavior and stunned the adult population[47].
Juveniles of the past became viewed as “quaintly ridiculous[48]” by comparison to those of the 1950’s as people began to realize that “today’s delinquents kill.[49]” They were not only becoming more violent but coming up with new weapons, like the “zip gun” and new ways of acquiring weapons, such as joining the National Guard “just to steal pistols and submachine guns[50]”. The problem was so extreme that “muggings had become so widespread that not even the most fashionable neighborhoods were immune.[51]” Even if the numbers of juvenile delinquents were small, Americans feared that gangs of them could cause quite a lot of trouble. A juvenile court judge in Boston asserted, “We have the spectacle of an entire city terrorized by one-half of 1 percent of its residents. And the terrorists are children.”[52]
Those who examined the causes of juvenile delinquency in America blamed either society or the parents. If society was viewed as the root cause, several ideas of how to fix the problem were readily offered. However, if parents were the problem, the solutions were not as abundant.
Those who emphasized social causes insisted youths must be engage in wholesome activities. The fear was that "there [were] large numbers of teen–agers drifting about the streets, loath to participate in established recreation programs, looking for a little excitement[53].” There were numerous clubs and organizations starting to encourage teens to be productive with their time and not become juvenile delinquents.
Milwaukee, which had an especially invasive case of juvenile delinquency, developed a program through the school called "youth recognition week". The idea was that students would be encouraged to participate in activities the community believed would lead to their becoming productive, well-adjusted adults. Milwaukee organized Government and Industry Day, where the teens visited local businesses to make connections for possible work after school, as well as youth rally day, which “was a celebration of patriotism and citizenship.[54]” “Each high school [sent] between thirty and forty gifted and promising students to the gathering[55]" which was an event for “socializing, patriotic singing, entertainment, and a guest orator who spoke on the values of patriotism and effective citizenship[56].” However, these attempts were unsuccessful because they were targeting the wrong teens.
Another leading point of blame if society was the cause of juvenile delinquency were comic books. People saw a rise in the sale of comics which corresponded with the escalation in juvenile delinquency. Frederic Wetham’s book Seduction of the Innocent detailed the damage comic book reading was doing to young people, 90 percent of whom admitted to reading comics[57]. Excerpts of his book were published in popular ladies’ magazines which drove his concerns home to the mothers of the 90 percent. Comic books began to be viewed as a major root of the problem because they were believed to teach children how to be criminals[58]. They were even blamed for the brutal torturing and attempted murder of a young boy by three slightly older boys, as well as a young boy murdering his brother with a shotgun[59]. Several places, like Ann Arbor, Detroit, and New York state, even banned the sale of comic books because they were seen as the biggest social cause of juvenile delinquency[60]. Banning their sale was seen as an effective way to rid the towns of this scourge.
Comic books of the 1950’s were both violent and highly sexualized (for their time). They focused not just on super heroes but on true crime, such as Front Page Detective, True, Murder Incorporated, and Crime Detective, gangsters, in the form of True Gang Life and Gang Busters. Picture novels, like It Rhymes with Lust, offered more romance with the traditional action base of the comics. These were especially troubling men in positions of religious or judicial power, like Bishop John Francis Noll of the Catholic Church, J. Edgar Hoover, and Earl Warren, who felt that the comics were spreading communism and perpetuating youth violence.[61]
The other school of thought was that juvenile delinquency was due to a lack of parental control. Judge Jacob Panken of the Domestic Relations Court in New York City said “most delinquent conduct and crime stem from neglect of children[62]” and this was problematic because there is no clear-cut answer for how to make better parents. He suggested requiring students to take classes in how to be a good parent so that they would not repeat the mistakes of their parents. In order to solve the immediate juvenile delinquency problem, many judges resorted to sending the parents to jail on charges of contributing to the delinquency because they felt that the problem stemmed from the parental unit’s failure to provide guidance and a home environment conducive to healthy emotional growth. Former President Harry S. Truman weighed in on parents being the cause of juvenile delinquency saying “‘Spare the rod and spoil the child is what we’ve been doing in this country for two generations.’ He added, ‘The peach tree switch and mother’s slipper are the best thing in the world to make a kid behave.’[63]” In addition to a lack of proper discipline at home, a lack of a traditional family unit was seen as a cause of juvenile delinquency. “One reason is that teenagers of today are Pearl Harbor babies. In their first critical years, their fathers were away on military service and their mother in war plants. Family cohesiveness was lacking.” said Ralph Whelan of the New York City Youth Board. Some believed juvenile delinquents were not the product “of unstable households but out and out broken homes.” The common belief was that juvenile delinquents could not come from a normal home, only from one where “either the parents are separated or absent.[64]”
In the 1950s, juvenile delinquency was considered an epidemic problem but one not depicted in science-fiction movies of the time. In the movies, youths are seen as wholesome and good and they always listen to and respect their parents and elders. The closest thing the movies come to portraying a juvenile delinquent is in The Next Voice You Hear when young Johnny refers to his friends as “drips.[65]” He says he learns this behavior from watching his father. In all other cases, the children are wholesome, respectful, and helpful. In the Day the Earth Stood Still, Bobby is not only polite and helpful to his mother and those living in the rooming house with them, He is also helpful to, and the first to be accepting of, the alien, Mr. Carpenter. Billy is depicted as a latchkey kid but not a troubled youth. Stewart, the oldest son in 1952’s Red Planet Mars, is not only helpful but essential in solving the problem of how to communicate with Mars. While eating pie, he solves the problem that his parents have been struggling to discover; how to communicate with the Martians. He suggests pi because if the Martians are smart enough to have built the complex cities seen on Mars they must understand the mathematical constant. Even when the world is dissolving into chaos, and the worst thing that Stewart does is leave the lawnmower in the yard were someone might trip over it[66]. He is the quintessential wholesome American youth, loyal obedient and bright. He is helpful to his mother, respectful to his father, kind and inquisitive. He is the best of what his generation has to offer, the hope for the future. In the science-fiction movies of the 50s we see an idealized version of young people. They are clean, helpful, up for a challenge, and the model of what young people should be. This is the most glaring point where science fiction deviates in the portrayal of the family from actual challenges faced by American families.
The son, David, in Invaders from Mars, is shown as being such a good boy that even after his father is infected by the aliens, he still does as he is told. He is even able to call in the military to help his father. He is loyal, smart, well behaved, and listens to his elders all the time. He is the opposite of a juvenile delinquent.
The movies completely ignore juvenile delinquency. It is never shown as the social problem the people feel it has become.
Science fiction movies have long been a mirror to let us look at ourselves behind the mask we wear each day. However, in the 1950’s they often ignore the problems we are facing at home in favor of the problems we are facing on the other side of the world. They didn’t cover the unhappiness mothers are feeling with their humdrum lives, didn’t cover the stress fathers are under learning to be dads, and they don’t look at juvenile delinquency, a problem so epidemic that people argue the cause in newspaper editorials. The medium that has long been a reflection of our darker selves is too busy reflecting the fears they face overseas to reflect the fears they face in the mirror daily.
Bibliography
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Barnosky, Jason. “The Violent Years: Responses to Juvenile Crime in the 1950’s” Palgrave Macmillan Journals Vol. 38, No. 3. July 2006. http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.saumag.edu/stable/3877070?&Search=yes&searchText=crime&searchText=years&searchText=violent&searchText=juvenile&searchText=responses&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bviolent%2Byears%2Bresponses%2Bto%2Bjuvenile%2Bcrime%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bviolint%2Byears%2Bresponses%2Bto%2Bjuvenile%2Bcrime%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=2473&returnArticleService=showFullText (accessed November 3, 2013)
"Classes for Expectant Fathers." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jul 25, 1950, http://search.proquest.com/docview/111603793?accountid=40255 (accessed November 22, 2013).
The Day the Earth Stood Still. iTunes. Directed by Robert Wise. 1951. Los Angeles CA. 20th Century Fox. 2003.
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Hajdu, David. The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How it Changed America (New York, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 2008) 108-110.
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Invisible Invaders. YouTube. Directed by Edward L. Cahn. 1959. Los Angeles CA. United Artist. 2003.
Invaders From Mars. YouTube. Directed by William Cameron Menzies. 1953. Los Angeles CA. Twentieth Century Fox. 2003.
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The Next Voice You Hear… YouTube. Directed by William A. Wellman. 1950. Culver City CA. MGM. 2009.
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Robot Monster. YouTube. Directed by Phil Tucker. 1953 Los Angeles CA. Astor Pictures.
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[1] Warren, Bill. Keep Watching The Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties. The 21st Century Edition. (McGarland and Company, Jefferson City, NC. 2010.) 18.
[2] Elaine Tyler May,. Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (Basic Books. 1988, 1999.),130-131
[3] “Training Is Urged For ‘Fatherhood’.” New York Times (1923-Current File), Dec 04, 1946, http://search.proquest.com/docview/107660758?accountid=40255 (accessed November 21, 2013).
[4] “Training Is Urged For ‘Fatherhood’.”
[5] “Training Is Urged For ‘Fatherhood’.”
[6] May. Homeward Bound. 131.
[7] Mackenzie, Catherine. ”Father’s Share." New York Times (1923-Current File), May 29, 1949, http://search.proquest.com/docview/105840727?accountid=40255 (accessed November 20, 2013).
[8] Mackenzie, C. "Father's Share."
[9] "TRAINING IS URGED FOR ‘FATHERHOOD’."
[10] Mackenzie, C. "Father's Share."
[11] “Honor Your Father… at Least Once a Year” Library of Congress. June 2003. http://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jun03/father.html
(accessed November 19, 2013)
[12] “Study shows Dad Prefers Gift Voucher." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jun 18, 1959, http://search.proquest.com/docview/114771239?accountid=40255 (accessed November 21, 2013).
[13] May Geller, Jonna. “Dibbles For Dads.” New York Times (1923-Current File), Jun 09, 1957, http://search.proquest.com/docview/113931370?accountid=40255 (accessed November 20, 2013).
[14] “Study shows Dad Prefers Gift Voucher.”
[15] Special to THE NEW,YORK TIMES. "BIRTHDAY MARKED BY BACHELOR DADS." New York Times (1923-Current File), Mar 22, 1952, http://search.proquest.com/docview/112509249?accountid=40255 (accessed November 21, 2013).
[16] Palmer, C. B. "Life with Father (1955 Model)." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jan 23, 1955, http://search.proquest.com/docview/113254656?accountid=40255 (accessed November 21, 2013).
[17] Mackenzie, C. "Father's Share."
[18] Palmer, C.B. “Life with Father.”
[19] "Classes for Expectant Fathers." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jul 25, 1950, http://search.proquest.com/docview/111603793?accountid=40255 (accessed November 22, 2013).
[20] Invisible Invaders. YouTube. Directed by Edward L. Cahn. 1959. Los Angeles CA. United Artist. 2003.
In Invisible Invaders aA scientist is killed an atomic accident yet after his funeral, he visits a friend. It is not really him visiting, but an invader from the moon who is invisible and has taken over his corpse so that he can communicate with Dr. Penner. The invader says that he’s there to give a warning that if Earth has not surrender within 24 hours, the people of the moon will destroy the world. Penner attempts to convince authorities of what is to come but they refused to listen until the invisible invaders make public grand gestures informing the public of what is to come. As panic grips the world, Penner is rushed off to a hidden bunker that was designed in case of an atomic war. As the invisible invaders attempt to destroy the world, Penner and his daughter, Phyllis, fellow scientist Dr. John Lamont, and Major Bruce Jay, the military liaison assigned to protect them, worked diligently, but unsuccessfully to find a way to stop the invaders. They realize that they have to go out and capture one of the invaders to experiment on. This allows them to discover that it becomes visible and destructible when exposed to sound of a certain frequency. They quickly create a sound gun and use it to destroy an invaders ship. They spread the word to what is left of humanity telling them how to stop the invaders.
[21] The Next Voice You Hear… YouTube. Directed by William A. Wellman. 1950. Culver City CA. MGM. 2009.
[22] Robot Monster. YouTube. Directed by Phil Tucker. 1953 Los Angeles CA. Astor Pictures.
Robot Monster deals with a boy Johnny and his family who are the last people on Earth, His father and sister are scientist who are determined to stop Ro-Man Extension XJ-2, who is a very cheesy villain looking like a man in an ape suit with a fishbowl on his head. The family safe from Ro-Man but understand that he will eventually find and kill them all. In the end, the father sacrifices his son in an ill-advised attempt to save his daughter. Right as he is about to die, there is a very strange dinosaur montage and Johnny wakes up, he had gone wandering off from a picnic with his mother and sisters (he has no father), fallen, knocked himself out, and been found by a scientist and his assistant. Robot Monster is, according to the IMDB, on several list of the 50 worst movies of all time, and they are right.
[23] Invaders From Mars. YouTube. Directed by William Cameron Menzies. 1953. Los Angeles CA. Twentieth Century Fox. 2003.
[24] Invaders From Mars deals with an alien ship crashing in Davids back yard. His father goes out to check on it for him, comes home angry and not himself. The boy is very concerned. He tries to tell the police but the chief is already under the influence of the Martians. The chief has him locked up, but when the chief leaves, the desk sergeant calls a doctor, Dr. Pat Blake to talk to him because he says he recognizes a child who is truly afraid. The doctor hears his story, and after contacting a scientist friend of the boy, Dr. Kelston, believes him. The doctor refuses to let the boy be released to his parents custody, as they are both now infected. The doctor and David go to the scientist’s lab where they use a high powered telescope to see the sand pit and witness General MacLean, head of the local military base, falling into the pit. They contact the second in command of the base Col. Fielding, who puts everyone on high alert. They station tanks around the pit, discover that the people being controlled have a device implanted in their necks that is controlling them and when their jobs are complete, can kill them. They are able to capture Davids mom and dad, but before they can go into surgery to have the devices removed, David and Dr. Blake fall into the pit. Dr. Kelston, Col. Fielding and his men go in the pit to save them. After saving the doctor, they set an explosive charge and go to find the boy, They are trapped trying to get out but the boy finds them and uses the Martians ray gun to blast a hole in the rock and they escape. As they are fleeing the impending explosion, The past day starts flashing before Davids eyes. He wakes up in bed, the explosion was just thunder. He races to his parents room, and is ecstatic to see that they are back to normal. He goes back to bed, but looks out his window in time to see the space ship flying off. It was not a dream, the Martian just fixed it so no one but the boy remembers what happened.
[25] Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. (United States, W.W. Norton & Company, 2001), 100
[26] Miller, Melody L. Moen, Phyllis. Dempster-McClain, Donna. “Motherhood, Multiple Roles, and Maternal Well-Being: Women of the 1950s” Gender and Society, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Dec., 1991) 565-582.
http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.saumag.edu/stable/190101 (accessed February 2, 2014)
[27] Special to The New,York Times. "Sarah Lawrence Gives 72 Degrees." New York Times (1923-Current File), Jun 08, 1957, http://search.proquest.com/docview/114205529?accountid=40255 (accessed February 2, 2014).
[28] “Sarah Lawrence Gives 72 Degrees.”
[29] "Education of Young Women for Motherhood Held 'most Important Task of our Society'." New York Times (1923-Current File), May 18, 1950, http://search.proquest.com/docview/111708952?accountid=40255 (accessed February 2, 2014).
[30] Barclay, Dorothy. "What Children Say about Parents." New York Times (1923-Current File), Oct 23, 1949, http://search.proquest.com/docview/105929525?accountid=40255 (accessed February 2, 2014).
[31] Friedan, The Feminine Mystique. 58.
[32] “Role of Motherhood Lauded by Flemming.” New York Times (1923-Current File), May 09, 1949, http://search.proquest.com/docview/106000276?accountid=40255 (accessed February 2, 2014).
[33] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 338-348
[34] Miller, M. “Motherhood, Multiple Roles and Maternal Well-Being”
[35] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 18, 127, 347-348, 351-355
[36] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 64, 76, 352-353
[37] The Next Voice You Hear… YouTube. Directed by William A. Wellman. 1950. Culver City CA. MGM. 2009.
The Next Voice You Hear…opens with a typical middle class American family: a father, mother and son. They are having breakfast. The mother is concerned that the sons paper route is bad for him but the father insist that getting up early and learning the value of an honest days work for an honest wage is important for his development. The father takes the son to school and goes work. At the end of the day, they return home. While the mother, Mary, helps the son with homework, Joe, the father, sits down to listen to the radio just as a new program is starting a voice comes on the radio and says “This is God. I will be with you the next few days.” After hearing the voice, Joe goes upstairs and speaks with his wife expressing doubt about the voice and think that might be a hoax. The next day at work, his coworkers are in agreement. However, that night, the voice comes on the radio again and again the night after and again the night after. The voice explains that people have forgotten their lesson and as children must relearn the lessons that were taught centuries ago. The voice speaks to everyone all over the world in his own language, even two people sitting side-by-side hear the voice in their own native language. People all over the world are frightened but that is not want God wants. He wants them to remember that everything around them is a miracle and that they should stop being angry, spiteful, jealous, disrespectful, mean and taking life for granted. After the sixth day, the fear turns to hope as realization that God is not vengeful spreads worldwide. The people have learned their lesson; they start remembering how to love one another and treat life as a gift instead of something to be taken advantage of. They gather in churches to hear the message for the seventh day only to realize that on the seventh day God rested. The voice is gone presumably not to return but a new hope has blanketed the world. While in church Mary goes into labor. Johnny accompanies his parents to the hospital and on the birth of his sister expresses concern that she is not heard the voice and his father tells him that he will have to be the messenger and tell her about the voice.
[38] "Professor-Author is Housewife, Too.“ New York Times (1923-Current File), Jan 13, 1952, http://search.proquest.com/docview/112340019?accountid=40255 (accessed February 2, 2014).
[39] The Day the Earth Stood Still. iTunes. Directed by Robert Wise. 1951. Los Angeles CA. 20th Century Fox. 2003.
The Day The Earth Stood Still (1951) Movie opens with a bogey moving at a high rate of speed across the sky. It lands in a baseball park in Washington DC and rather than panic and run away from it, the curious run towards it. Police and the military cordon off the area in an attempt to control the chaos. When the door opens a man, Klaatu, walks out and says “we have come to visit you in peace and with goodwill" However, the military is concerned because he just came out of a spaceship and his attempt at goodwill integrated with hostility. He makes another attempt at hospitality trying to give one of the army a gift that is mistaken for a weapon and this time he shot. As he lays on the ground, a robot comes out of the ship and in an attempt to protect the man, generates a beam from its eyes which disarms the soldiers. The spaceman stops him, picks up the gift he was attempting to give,and explains that it is in fact a gift and not harmful. He’s taken to the hospital to be treated for his injuries. While in the hospital recovering, he meets with the secretary to the president and explains that he needs to meet with representatives from all the countries of the world but the secretary informed him that that is not possible. Klaatu has little patience for stupidity and expresses this to the secretary. He is locked in his hospital room but when a nurse comes back to check on him he’s escaped. He wanders through Washington and eventually arrives at a rooming house. He meets young boy named Bobby and his mother, and decides to stay at the rooming house, where he gives his name as Mr. Carpenter. Word has spread of Klaatu's escape from the hospital and people are on the lookout for the next morning Bobby’s mother leaves him with Mr. Carpenter. Bobby takes him around the city show him the sights and takes him to see a wise professor. Klaatu explains to the professor that he’s there because of the earth’s recent advances in atomic energy and space travel, which present themselves as a threat to the other people of the universe. Klaatu again ask to be allowed to meet with the world leaders and the professor informed him that the best he can do is introduce him to a group of the worlds foremost scientists. The professor informs Klaatu that the best way to get his message across would be to do something dramatic but not destructive. Klaatu agrees. That night Klaatu returns to his ship and contacts presumably his home planet to inform them of the progress of his mission. The next day Klaatu does as he promised the professor. He uses his powers to neutralize electricity all of the world but he’s very careful not to harm anyone. Bobby’s mother’s boyfriend is suspicious of him and attempts to report him to the Pentagon but Bobby’s mother warns Klaatu of his impending arrest. Klaatu expresses concern that if something happens to him, his robot, Gort, might do something destructive to the world so he tells Bobby’s mother how to stop Gort. There is a shootout and Klaatu is “killed.” Bobby’s mother runs to Gort, who comes to rescues Klaatu's dead body and take some back to a ship. The scientists that the professor promised gather outside the spaceship. Inside, Gort resurrects Klaatu. Klaatu exits the ship and address is the scientist telling them that he is leaving but that he is there for the mutual protection of all planets and the Gort is a sort of police robot designed to stop aggression. If the people of earth don’t control their own aggression Gort and many like him will return and destroy them rather than let their violence spread. Klaatu reenters the ship and exits as mysteriously as he arrived.
[40] Red Planet Mars YouTube. Directed by Harry Horner. 1952. Los Angeles CA. United Artist.
Red Planet Mars Scientist Chris Cronyn and his wife Linda are attempting to get an intelligent reply when they contact Mars. They have been sending a signal but so far all they have heard back is their own signal. Their son realizes they need to use pi to talk to the Martians. On the other side of the world, the Soviet Union is also working to contact Mars using a former Nazi scientist. The scientist haven’t had any luck but it’s not really making an effort because he’s decided to use the efforts of Chris and his wife. Using pi, Chris and Linda are able to contact Mars and get answers to the questions they have sent. However, the answers are coded. After the first three answers are decoded and released to the public, there is mass economic panic because people realize that Martian society is so much more advanced. The president orders that no more messages are to be released because of the damage that the first few have done. However, a final message comes through and is decoded. Upon learning that the Martians use advanced technologies to power their great society, Chris asked them how they keep from destroying one another. The Martians reply that they rely on religion. The president believes this message might actually be good for the people so he releases it. All of the world there is religious revival. In the Soviet Union, the common man rises up and overthrows the Soviet government so that they can have religion back. The Nazi scientist has escaped from his Soviet handlers and goes to Chris and Linda’s house where he plans to prove that he is the one he’s actually sending the answers and not the Martians. In order to prevent the German scientist from proving that he is the one actually sending replies, Linda opens a hydrogen valve, quickly filling the lab with invisible, highly flammable gas. When another message starts to come in, thereby proving the German scientist was not the one sending the messages, the German shoots the machine. When the gun goes off, it ignites the hydrogen, setting off a devastating explosion. Chris and Linda's sons are taken the White House where their parents are remembered as heroes who brought peace to the world.
[41] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 256
[42] Red Planet Mars
[43] Red Planet Mars
[44] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 101, 114, 240
[45] Friedan. The Feminine Mystique. 114, 419-420
[46] Hostutler, Jason L. 2009. "Kids Cops & Beboppers." Wisconsin Magazine Of History 93, no. 1: 14-27. America: History & Life, http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.saumag.edu/stable/20699204 (accessed November 25, 2013). 5.
[47] Barnosky, Jason. “The Violent Years: Responses to Juvenile Crime in the 1950’s” Palgrave Macmillan Journals Vol. 38, No. 3. July 2006.
http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.saumag.edu/stable/3877070?&Search=yes&searchText=crime&searchText=years&searchText=violent&searchText=juvenile&searchText=responses&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dthe%2Bviolent%2Byears%2Bresponses%2Bto%2Bjuvenile%2Bcrime%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dthe%2Bviolint%2Byears%2Bresponses%2Bto%2Bjuvenile%2Bcrime%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Da%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=2473&returnArticleService=showFullText (accessed November 3, 2013) 11-12.
[48] Barnosky. “The Violent Years”10.
[49] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 10.
[50] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 10.
[51] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 11.
[52] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 11.
[53] "Excerpts from Epstein Report to the Mayor on Juvenile Delinquency." New York Times (1923-Current File), May 09, 1955, http://search.proquest.com/docview/113320691?accountid=40255
(accessed November 25, 2013)
[54] Hostutler, "Kids Cops & Beboppers." 10
[55] Hostutler, Jason L. 2009. "KIDS COPS & BEBOPPERS.”10-11
[56] Hostutler, Jason L. 2009. "KIDS COPS & BEBOPPERS." 11.
[57] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 13.
[58] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 13-14
[59] Hajdu, David. The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How it Changed America (New York, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 2008) 108-110.
[60] Hajdu, D. The Ten-Cent Plague. 94-96
[61] Hajdu, D. The Ten-Cent Plague. 59, 75-89, 110, 165-167.
[62] Panken, Judge Jacob. Domestic,Relations Court. "The Real Delinquent--the Parent." New York Times (1923-Current File), Dec 22, 1946, http://search.proquest.com/docview/107621940?accountid=40255
(accessed November 25, 2013).
[63] Barnosky. The Violent Years. 12.
[64] Barnosky. “The Violent Years.” 15-16.
[65] The Next Voice You Hear…
[66] Red Planet Mars